Germination is the process by which a seed develops into a new plant. It begins when a seed absorbs water, swells, and begins to sprout, ultimately leading to the growth of a seedling. Germination is the first step in a plant's life cycle and typically occurs when environmental conditions—such as temperature, moisture, and light—are favorable.

The Key Stages of Germination:

1. Water Absorption (Imbibition):

   • The seed absorbs water from its environment, causing it to swell. This triggers the internal processes that start the germination process.

2. Activation of Metabolism:

   • As the seed absorbs water, its metabolism activates. Stored food reserves (like starches or proteins) within the seed begin to break down to provide energy for the growth of the seedling.

3. Breaking of Seed Coat:

   • The seed coat (the outer covering) softens and splits open as the embryo inside starts to grow. This is often the first visible sign of germination.

4. Radicle Emergence:

   • The radicle (the embryo’s root) is the first part of the plant to emerge. It grows downward into the soil to anchor the plant and begin absorbing water and nutrients.

5. Shoot Emergence:

   • After the radicle, the shoot (the stem and leaves) begins to grow upward toward the surface. The shoot will eventually push through the soil, seeking light for photosynthesis.

6. Leaf Development:

   • As the shoot reaches the surface, the first leaf or set of leaves (called cotyledons) will begin to develop. These leaves start to capture sunlight and begin the process of photosynthesis, providing the plant with energy to continue growing.

Conditions for Germination:

For successful germination, seeds typically require:

• Water: To activate the seed's metabolism and soften the seed coat.
• Temperature: Most seeds germinate within a specific temperature range, which varies by plant species.
• Oxygen: Seeds need oxygen to fuel respiration, a process that provides energy for growth.
• Light (or Darkness): Some seeds require light to germinate, while others germinate better in darkness. This depends on the plant species.

Germination is a critical phase in the life cycle of a plant, and once the seedling has established roots and leaves, it can continue to grow and eventually reproduce, continuing the cycle.